A History of Old Francia, 1432, Oxford Press Wrote:In most historical analyses, the Old Kingdom of Francia lasted from 843 AD, with the Treaty of Verdun which divided the Carolingian Empire into Western, Middle and Eastern Francia, to 1053 AD, with the final partitioning and annexations of Francia’s former territory into its successor states. While Francia had been politically unstable for decades, with a weak kingship and strong feudal lords competing and fighting one another over their personal fiefdoms, it was still a single polity.

This ended in 1043 AD, with the actions of King Henry of the Capet dynasty, and the subsequent reactions by his feudal vassals, with the duchies of Normandy and Brittany joining the Kingdom of Berk, and the Duchy of Aquitania and the County of Tolosa declaring full independence and allying with the northern Castilian kingdoms. The remainder of the kingdom limped on until being annexed by the Holy Roman Empire a decade later…