E = MC^2

It’s the traditional ‘Science’ equation, written somewhere on a blackboard behind the traditional scraggly-haired scientist to demonstrate just how smart they are. I guarantee you, most people won’t know what exactly it means. 

Basically, if you remember your high school physics about how energy can neither be created or destroyed? Well, it turns out that mass is basically just another form of energy. 

In fact, mass is a lot of energy. 

The C^2 in the equation? The C, refers to the speed of light, which is a fantastically big number. The ^2 means that it’s multiplied by itself - which is now an unimaginably big number. 

Therefore, a very small amount of mass, is a very, very large amount of energy. To put this into perspective, half a gramme of mass is enough energy to level a decent-sized town.

Like Hiroshima. Or Nagasaki. 

Because you know you can’t really discuss nuclear technology without discussing nuclear weapons. Still, if cracking the very stuff of creation and hewing raw energy from the fabric of the universe itself gets you excited, read on. 


==Nuclear batteries==

Both your traditional, and your handwaved sort. 

These aren’t really nuclear reactors as such. They’re little more than a billet of nuclear material that is so intensely radioactive, it has started to radiate heat. This heat is then used to to generate electricity through the Seebeck effect. 

It’s how the Voyager and Pioneer probes have been powered for the last 4 decades. It’s how Cassini was powered. 

The total output is low, but with absolutely no moving parts and relying on basic physics to work, reliability is unquestioned. The only real drawback is that, as the nuclear material ages and decays, so does the power output. Eventually, the output falls to the point where the system will no longer function. 

There’re other options such as betavoltaics, where the energy of the radiation itself provides power and LENRs (Low Energy Nuclear Reactions) which usually require some form of a handwave to get any sort of useful work out of. [ref] One working theory is that gate metal provides power through a reversible LENR reaction - continuously recharging and discharging as necessary.[/ref]

Handwaved options are normally limited to improving the efficiency or lifespan of the device - the most common being ‘nuclear’ laptop batteries made from handwaved lithium-ion batteries on Mars. These ‘small-scale’ devices are almost common.

Drawbacks in the hardtech word are that anything sufficiently active to be a power source, is sufficiently active to make you dead  It’s not unheard of for the odd scrap metal merchant to crack open an old Soviet lighthouse and find something far more dangerous than copper.  

It’s the sort of mistake you regret for the rest of your life. 

==Fission==

Splitting the Atom. 

This is your granddaddy’s nuclear reactor. Fire a neutron just the right speed at an atom and it’ll split. In most cases, it takes more energy to split the atom, than is actually released afterwards. To actually get useful energy out of the reaction, you need a really big, unstable atom that flies apart with a lot of energy. The most common of these are:

Thorium, Uranium, Plutonium, Neptunium, Americium and Californium.  

Of these, Thorium and Uranium are by far and away the most common in Fenspace. Most others require some form of pre-existing nuclear technology to create, limiting their use to places where there’s already a high tech level - or to the mundane Powers.

=Sub-Critical Reactors. Safe and Simple=

A Fission reaction can be achieved by a boyscout in his garden shed using materials ordered off the internet. [ref]David Hahn, the nuclear boy scout[/ref]. Not a very powerful one - but still capable of producing enough nasty radioactive by-products that the federal government condemns every building you ever had it in.

Still, take a billet of natural Uranium, Add a sufficiently powerful neutron source, and you have what’s called a sub-critical nuclear reactor. This is basically how the original Roughrider’s ‘Cool Cuke’ engines were built.

These are by far and away the most common fission reactors in Fenspace. They offer most of the benefits of the convention ‘big science’ nuclear reactors, while being inherently Fail-Safe. Close off the neutron source and the reactor stops. 

[Sidebox. Nuclear Enrichment]
Transuranics are relatively easy to find in Fenspace. But in their natural state, few are suitable for use as a power source. 

Nuclear enrichment is the process of increasing the quantity of a specific isotope in a nuclear material. The most common application of the process, is to increase the quantity of Uranium-235 in a sample of Uranium. Naturally occurring Uranium is less than 1% Uranium-235 - the rest being Uranium 238.

It’s generally very difficult to make a functional nuclear reactor with unenriched Uranium  A[windscale] Few[RBMK] examples do exist mind. These have their own problems. 

Current Roughriders engines run at about 18% Uranium-235 - reducing the core size considerably for the same output and lifespan.

Above 20% enrichment, it becomes possible to make a functional - if bulky- nuclear weapon. Needless to say, the only difference in lower, and higher, enriched Uranium, is time to cook.Therefore those few places capable of enriching Uranium are amongst the most heavily guarded in the Universe, and the technologies required are amongst the most secret. It’s also incredibly technology intensive. Even with handwaving assistance and gravimetric differentiation technology, it’s impossible to hide what’s being. If you start enrichment without telling people, expect a visit from Hans Blix. Or James Bond. 
[/sidebox]

The vast majority of Roughriders spacecraft and their derivatives utilise some variant of ‘Cool Cuke’ technology, with additional variants of the reactor design and various modified fuel sources and neutron generators being trialled by smaller builders

In theory, it’s impossible to blow one up.

=Critical Fission. In Dollars and Cents =

This is your grandaddy’s nuclear reactor. Split a Uranium atom with a neutron and - amongst the nuclear shrapnel - you’ll find between two and three extra neutrons that’re ready to find their way to another nearby Uranium atom that’s waiting to split. 

A critical reaction requires a critical mass - sufficient material to sustain the reaction. Critical mass is determined both by the shape of the material, by what surrounds it and by how compressed it is. If you have a critical mass, you have a reaction - it’s that simple.

99% of neutron release from a reaction are ‘prompt’ - at the instant the atom splits. 1% - the delayed neutrons - are released in the minutes following. Ideally, if you’re running a reactor, you’re running it inside that 1% band. 

Back in the days of the Manhattan Project, the scientists called this 1% a ‘Dollar’ of reactivity. 

If your reactor power is neither increasing, or decreasing - it’s critical. It’s stable. Criticality is generally a good thing.

If your reactor is slowing down, it’s sub-critical. 

If your reactor is accelerating, it’s super-critical. This is fine. Just try not to go too hard and go outside that 1% range. This is called prompt-critically, and prompt supercriticality. 

This is generally considered a bad thing and normally results in autodissasembly of the reactor. And the building it’s in. 

[sidebox]Blowups Happen
Chernobyl is what happens when you go outside that 1% band - when your reactor through whatever combination of  mistakes you manage to make becomes Critical on the Prompt neutrons only. The reaction multiplies in nanoseconds, monumental amounts of energy are liberated and - well - blowups happen. Your name will be in a history book. 

A Criticality Accident, is this on a smaller scale. The reaction will fire as soon as a critical mass exists, usually coming as a surprise to the individual who caused it. Fortunately, the reaction usually disassembles itself before it can turn into a fully fledged nuclear explosion - but tthe operator responsible is rarely so lucky. 
[/sidebox]

Actual critical fission reactors - which rely on a self-sustaining chain reaction - are vanishingly rare in Fenspace. The technical expertise required to design a safe and functioning fission reactor are - for the most part - beyond the majority of Fen organisations, unless there is a very specific requirement.  

The USS Stingray, GKK Serverstal and SS Moonraker are the only vessels known to operate with a true fission reactor. All three of these or either government owned - or have strong government ties. All of these are navalised, pressurised water reactors. 

Fission Power is otherwise generally limited to ‘mundane’ settlements in the Main Belt, many of which are government sponsored. A few Russian government-backed settlements operate using graphite moderated pressurised channel-type reactors. They’re big, bulky but get around the enrichment and proliferation problems for the most part while being relatively simple.  

In general, few Fen Go Fission. Fusion power is generally preferred - being seen as cleaner and more ‘futuristic’, without having to exist in the shadow of The Mushroom Cloud. 

Handwavium use tends to be limited towards either dealing with the resulting nuclear waste - neutralising it or rendering it safe - direct transmutation of energy within the reactor core proper - or to extraction of energy from elements such as Lithium which can be fissioned, but aren’t normally ‘energy positive’.

There’re other technologies such as breeder reactors, molten salt and gaseous core fission, and crunchytech like NERVA engines, but few have been implemented. Thus far, nobody has attempted to implement an Orion Drive. [ref]Although, amusingly, explicitly permitted by the original Articles of Convention. See A.11 P 32[/ref]

In general, to stably operate a fission reactor without any handwaving influence - and even with it - requires a level of technical comprehension and professional competence beyond most settlements in Fenspace. The consequences of a mistake with a fission reactor - even in an enclosed asteroid settlement, will be disastrous. On a planetary level, getting it wrong with a fission reactor will be catastrophic. 

There is little to no margin for error, and no guarantee that that handwavium safety net won’t tear open at the worst possible moment. 

==The Power of the Stars==

Nuclear fusion is by far and away the most common ‘nuclear’ power source in Fenspace. Fusion power has been used to drive everything from starship thrusters, to main power reactors, to distress flares, to firearm bullets. 

In theory, nuclear Fusion has the advantage of producing few - if any - of the hazardous wastes that Fission produces. Helium (He3) fusion is clean, effective and - thanks to the Whole Fenspace Catalogue - no longer requires a handwave to make work. 

You should be using He3 fusion. There is no technical reason not to beyond recklessness. 

Common fusion reactions include Deuterium/Tritium, Deuterium/Deuterium, or He3. Everything except He3 has it’s own problems. Deuterium and Tritium especially produce a spray of high speed neutrons which transmute everything they touch into hideous radiation. 

The core of a recently shut-down D/T fusion reactor has been described as the single most radioactive object known to man. 

In theory the reaction is incapable of running away with itself - the reaction can only run as long as there’s fuel in the core. It’s not a coincidence that Fusion-based power is encouraged far more than the alternatives. It’s already being employed on Earth in pilot programs.  It’s almost impossible to make one of those explode, after all. [ref]But never underestimate the depth of human incompetence[/ref]

==3.6 Roentgen. Great, Terrible?==

Anyone who’s thinking of messing with the atom would do well to take a good hard look at just what happens when it goes wrong. 

What does radiation do, to you. 

The short answer is that radiation damages the DNA in your cells. Some of them are killed outright immediately. This is the first phase of radiation poisoning, and it lasts a day or so, while your body tries to deal with the mass death of cells and the resulting consequences. You will be sick and bedridden.

Then you will be fine for a few days - even normal. If your dose is low enough, that’s more or less it.  

If not - you are already dead. A zombie - a walking ghost. While you walk around waiting for the doctors to let you go home, all the natural processes that keep your body alive are already shutting down.

These cells, at the end of their normal working lives, instead of splitting into new cells will realise that they have been damaged and prompty self-destruct instead. It’s the body’s own self-defense mechanism against cancer.

And it goes into overdrive. 

If the damage is too great - if there’s nothing left to heal from - you will die.  The point is normally around and about 600 Rads of a dose. Radaway, and some careful use of the ‘wave can push that up to a 1000 rads, but after that, all bets are off. 

Once you go past that point of no return, you will rot alive. Your skin will blacken and slough off like gangrene, your insides will turn to mush and ooze from every orifice. Your eyes will whiten and turn opaque. Your muscles will waste away, splitting off the bone like cooked meat. You will choke on the remnants of your own lungs. And all this time, you will be aware of what’s happening to you, in excruciating pain as every new tear opens up deep inside you with doctors incapable of doing anything so merciful as giving you morphine. 

You will die, and it will hurt the entire time you are dying. 

Above a thousand rads, your death is an inevitability. The wave doesn’t work. Some gonzo methods like complete whole-body cybernetics may work - but that’s a gamble at best and the long term effects aren’t known. 

Even ‘smaller’ doses - enough to sicken but not obviously harm - even enough to go all but unnoticed except to a medical professional’s tests leave lasting effects that are inescapable. It will sit inside you waiting for the right time to metastise. 

The takeaway therefore - Do not fuck around with doses of radiation. 

Your best defences against radiation are, in the following order:
Distance. Radiation obeys the square law.
Time. Your dose is cumulative - not instantaneous.
Shielding. Not always possible. Often heavy. But better than nothing 

Anti-rad and some biomodifications can help mitigate the effects of radiation, but radiation will always leave its mark.  

Handwaved shielding is also possible, to reduce density and thickness. 

==Nuclear Weapons in Fenspace==

“I am become death, the destroyer of worlds.”
-Robert Oppenheimer, quoting from an ancient Hindu text. 

A French Invention - no really look it up, the concept of an Atomic Bomb using an uncontrolled nuclear chain reaction was first patented in France in 1939 - the shadow of the Mushroom Cloud dominated the later half of the 20th century. The arsenals of the Soviet Union and the United States loomed large over the world, and to this day, still represent the second greatest X-Risk everybody knows about but nobody seems to be doing anything about. 

Global Thermonuclear War is still a lingering possibility. Needless to say that this would not be good for life on earth as we know it. [ref] Some have suggested the risk of triggering one of these is why the Mundane presence in Fenspace tends towards the subtle and insidious rather than the overt gunboat imperialist of old.Nuclear weapon states tend to be extremely careful and measured in their approaches [/ref]

For a time, the only ‘crime’ was the use of a weapon of mass destruction near a civilised place. Even this wasn’t specifically outlawed until somebody made a very large mess at Anticipation. I guess nobody really saw the need until somebody actually did it. 

This all changed with the PEPPER treaty which outlawed the ‘Private’ ownership of weapons of mass destruction, but at the same time it doesn’t specifically clarify what is meant by Private. This is generally taken as an absolute prohibition and, sensibly, has yet to be tested either before the Convention authority or a tribunal.

Suffice to say, if you do try and go for a bomb, Great Justice will not fuck around.

The real threat, you now realise, is not that someone will build a nuclear weapon and use it to destroy Stellvia, or Genaros, or Helium. To be frank, there’re far more effective and efficient ways to do it if you wanted to. The real threat, is somebody finding you, and finding the secret you just learned and using it on, oh, New York. Or Moscow. Or Tokyo. Or London. Or Tel Aviv. Or Seoul. Or Tehran. 

They will know where it came from - it’s not that hard to tell. And they will not stop. The World will come. 

The real threat, is that it might spur Them to come up Here. And they will come up with all the righteous fury they can possibly bring to find where that bomb came from and who made it. 

Suffice to say, we don’t particularly want that to happen. 

The only thing worse, would be accidentally triggering off World War Three and writing the coda to the human race. Because that’s also a possibility if some of what we read about old Soviet Fail-Deadly systems is true. 

Therefore, if you try to make a nuclear weapon, you will be stopped. There are those with the skills and intelligence to spot the obvious patterns your create in the attempt[ref]AC Peters[/ref], and those with the skills and capabilities in sheer bloody ultraviolence to make sure you’re stopped no matter what you put in the way[[Jet Jaguar]]. Then there are those with more resources than you can imagine on their side to drop a mountain on you that you will never crawl out from under[[Noah Scott]] - and all three will put aside whatever fannish differences work together to stop you. Not to mention the Mundane Powers, who are all of these combined and then some.[ref]Almost to the point of it becoming a Deus Ex Machina[/ref]

If you somehow succeed, you will wish you were stopped.

You don’t want it in your life. 

Don’t bother. 

==The Khan Directive==

You’re not supposed to know about this. What we do know, is that it predates Great Justice - and what we know of it, also predates Great Justice. It may have started within SHIELD, but it didn’t stay there for long. 

The Khan Directive, is a set of procedures for dealing with a potential Proliferation risk. It is named not for Khan Singh - but for A.Q. Khan - a Pakistani scientist responsible for nuclear weapons proliferation throughout the Middle East. Essentially, it boils down to the following 4 statements. 

Identify and Confirm a Proliferation Risk exists.
Neutralise the Proliferation Risk, at all costs.
Maintain secrecy of the risk, at all costs.
Eliminate any Nuclear Weapons.

Troubleshooters of sufficient rank, experience and trust may know of it. Officers of the Space Patrol of sufficient rank, experience and trust may know of it. SMoFs may not necessarily know of it - beyond the name. Implementing the Directive is also suspected to be one of the more clandestine and critical duties of 00 Agents. Exactly who knows and who implements is one of the more closely guarded secrets in Fenspace. 

The mundane powers have their own protocols. These are beyond Top Secret. Your first warning of them catching on will be the knife missile on your head the moment you step outside. 

If it’s one boyscout who’s managed to have an accident while building a Neptunium reactor - it’s relatively simple and can be reduced to a stern talking to and an explanation of what will happen if it gets known that they figured out the secret. If it’s a risk that involves a source of transuranics in day-to-day use throughout the solar system, removing them without tipping the hand becomes a multi-year - or potentially - decade long endeavour. 

Either way, if you ever hear the words Khan Directive spoken in your vicinity, your life is about to get a lot more complicated. 

==Mushroom Kingdom==

A rumour. A Myth.

Some would suggest that the people best qualified to confirm and identify a proliferation risk, are the people who’ve already managed to create a nuclear weapon of their own. 

Little if anything is known. The phrase appears only in a few sources. Membership is, appropriately, clandestine as all fuck. 

It appears that membership of this group tends to occur by accident.

==The Active Reactor Safety Committee==

So You’ve had a Nuclear Accident. Oops. Hopefully you’ve heeded Professor Legasov’s advice and put it in a box where it can’t get out, otherwise none of this will apply to you.

Normally, you’ll report your screwup to the Active Reactor Safety Committee, whole drop buy and efficiently go about the business of discovering what went wrong. The ARSC are generally friendly folks who try to create an atmosphere of mutual co-operation and sharing of knowledge and methods to keep everyone safe. If you’ve ever wanted to know what Power Defect or Chemical Shim are, these are the people to talk to. If you suddenly find yourself inheriting an old settlement powered by a big-science reactor, give them a call for help and training. If you find something in the scrapyard with a radiation sign on it and you don’t know what it is, they will identify it for you.

They work with the IAEA and are almost professional. There’re a lot of people out there with a genuine interest in the subject and there’s a real public interest in not popping off random Chernobyls and making future terraforming efforts harder than they need to be. 

The ARSC have few outright powers, but their recommendation to shutdown a reactor or stop a project can very quickly become binding when people stop supplying fuel, or otherwise. The very hint of a nuclear danger will cripple a settlement’s economy. 

==The Closer==

The inescapable truth is that Nuclear Technology is a triple-edged sword.

On the one hand, you’ve the enormous potential for free energy. You’re using the very energy of creation itself - the binding force of the universe - as a power source.
On the other - you’ve the dreadful consequences if it ever gets out. So far, nobody’s managed to create a Pripyat in space, despite a few close calls. The possibility, however, remains 
And coming in for a sucker punch is the looming presence of nuclear weapons.

If you do choose to go nuclear, you will be dealing with something that demands the utmost respect and competence, but can provide the greatest boons of clean, reliable energy. 

I’ll leave you with this. 

"The approach to nuclear safety, which also, in my opinion, applies to any technologically complicated or potentially dangerous object, must be made up of three elements:
-The First; to make the object, for example a nuclear reactor, as maximally safe as possible.
-The Second, to make the operation of the object as maximally reliable as possible, but 'maximally' can never mean 100 percent reliability.
The philosophy of safety demands the introduction of a third element, which admits that just the same, an accident will take place. " - Valery Legasov

----------------------------------------------------------------------

Something on the backburner since before HBO made nuclear accidents sexy again. If you've looked at the other threat you'll recognise some plot points.....  although it's since been amended slightly since I found an actual copy of Legasov's tapes.


The Above is a Bit of a mess otherwise and probably needs being cut down. Or Nuked.

Apparently they got sold (accidentally?) as part of a surplus lot to a NASA intern named Gary George back in 1976.  George's father found them in among everything else, and he's kept them safe all these years -- and apparently tried to sell them back to NASA for more money than they were willing to pay ten years ago when the active search for them was still ongoing.  Now that the 50th anniversary of the moon landing is coming up Real Soon Now, he's put them up for auction with Sotheby's, who have verified that they are in fact the genuine article.  (The tapes have been played once for verification, and once more for the purpose of digitizing their contents.)

The tapes go up for auction on the 21st (of course), with a minimum bid of US$700,000. Follow the link above to see the Sotheby's catalog page for them. And go here for the Gizmodo article on the tapes.

It looks like a journalist by the name of Andy Ngo was attacked at a protest over the weekend by 'antifas' using quickdry cement in milkshakes as weapons... Which sounds silly typing it. That, and the fact I haven't found anything besides his claims yet, makes me a little suspicious, but if it's true, they need to be charged, followed by being told how stupid they were for wrecking a good, relatively anti-violent protest meme, and giving the fucksticks the kind of response they dream of.

Did you hear?  Sting got kidnapped.
Yeah, the Police have no lead.

<rimshot>

This time, in Canada.

Cartoonist let go from N.B. newspapers days after Trump image goes viral

Quote:When he asked his editor whether it was a cost-cutting measure, or his online social media or even "gross incompetence," de Adder said, he was told no.

Michael de Adder Wrote:Cartoonists in the U.S. are painted as being from the left or the right. Some even as Democrat or Republican. Cartoonists are not partisan in Canada. We're not Democrat or Republican, we're just anti-stupid. We attack both sides. We just want to illustrate the stupidity.

POLITICO: Trump officials weigh encryption crackdown

Quote:Senior officials debated whether to ask Congress to effectively outlaw end-to-end encryption, which scrambles data so that only its sender and recipient can read it, these people told POLITICO. Tech companies like Apple, Google and Facebook have increasingly built end-to-end encryption into their products and software in recent years — billing it as a privacy and security feature but frustrating authorities investigating terrorism, drug trafficking and child pornography.

“The two paths were to either put out a statement or a general position on encryption, and [say] that they would continue to work on a solution, or to ask Congress for legislation,” said one of the people.

It's July 1! Happy Canada Day!

Let's also celebrate the anniversary of the independence of Congo Free State, Somalia, Rwanda, Burundi, and Maderia.

And let us commemorate the Battle of Gettysburg, the Battle of San Juan Hill, the Battle of the Somme, and the First Battle of El Alamein, amongst others.

Oh, and it's the 145th anniversary of the day the first commercially-successful typewriter went on sale, the 138th anniversary of the first international telephone call, the 116th anniversary of the first Tour de France, the 76th anniversary of the day that Tokyo stopped being a city, the 56th anniversary of the ZIP code, the 35th anniversary of the PG-13 rating, and the 28th anniversary of the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact.

And happy 67th birthday, Dan Aykroyd!

With all of that - and more - being commemorated today, anything happening later this week will be something of an anticlimax, right? (Of course I jest there. July 2 is the midpoint day of the year!)

Apparently, it's an end-to-end-encrypted messaging app. Does anyone here have any experience with it, or has anybody heard anything - bad or good - about it? https://signal.org/

If I wanted lots of light in the morning, even indirectly reflected off your very white vinyl siding would I have fucking chosen a north-facing room?

Now where did I put the roll of jumbo trash bags...?

This weekend you better read those ebooks you bought from Microsoft – because they'll be dead come next week

Quote:If you bought an ebook through Microsoft's online store, now's the time to give it a read, or reread, because it will stop working early July.

That's right, the books you paid for will be literally removed from your electronic bookshelf because, um, Microsoft decided in April it no longer wanted to sell books. It will turn off the servers that check whether your copy was bought legitimately – using the usual anti-piracy digital-rights-management (DRM) tech – and that means your book can't be verified as being in the hands of its purchaser, and so won't be displayed.

Even the free-to-download ebooks will fail.

Quote:You would imagine that Microsoft considered other options: figuring out how to remove the need for DRM validation for those books; seeing if it could provide a non-DRM version; selling its database of DRM books to another company; or keeping a skeleton DRM system in place.

The fact that it decided against all these options and to simply kill the whole thing off should be a very big warning sign to anyone who has bought, considered buying, or will consider buying an ebook in the future.

The truth is that most ebooks come with some degree of DRM. Amazon and its Kindle ebooks are the biggest in the market – nearly all of them come with Amazon's DRM system.